Game Off 2023 Journey

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This blog post is my journey into Game Off 2023 by Github and Lee Reilly, started on November 01 and ended December 01. It's my very first big game project, I am so exited! I will update this page every day, telling what I did and the expectations to the next day.

#Day 01

I was so excited to participate. I remember only making one game in Javascript very simple, three or four years ago, I think using P5, It was a runner game, like the Google's Chrome Dinosaur Game, very nice, but I think something more complex.

This day was the great theme reveal, which was Scale. It was very nice, very embracing. The first moment I thought in making something like Cuphead, a boss battle rush themed as pirate or other theme related to sea that I can fit scales.

Print showing Game's Off Site Scale theme description
Game's off 2023 theme

Thinking more about, a boss battle rush would be very difficult for my first game because I need to create a lot of mechanics, and in one month maybe it's not possible. So I decided to go to scale, an increasing stuff. I thought in games like Vampire Survivors, a bullet hell game. Maybe I cannot do a lot of enemies variations, but I think I will go if this.

#Day 02

This day I was searching for a game engine. As I only code one game, I do not have an expertise of how game engine is better for my choices, so I take a time to study some of the engines recommended in the Game Off 2023 page. I started in Unity, It's a very good engine to design first games because it's simple and intuitive.

I also look at Unreal, with a very good lighting system and incredible stuff to handle 3D games it's probably the best engine out there for someone trying a next gen game, but for me that is my first game, and will probably be a 2D game, Unreal would be kill a mosquito with a bazooka, and for this, Unreal will not be my choice.

The last engine I tried was Godot, a very good engine open source that you can create 2D and 3D games, but I think the greater part is for 2D games. Godot has a scripting language called GDScript with a very simple syntax inspired mostly by Python, a programming language that I used a lot on my side projects.

In the end I chose Godot, mostly because GDScript is so similar to Python that I had the better experience of the three ones. Godot is also intuitive, and I think my challenge in the next days will learn everything about Godot and create the game.

I had a little extra time in this day, and started to learn about Godot using the Godot's fundamental's playlist in the Game Dev Artisan channel.

#Day 03

This was a not good day. I mostly study how to use Godot, I learned to create collision and pickup items, but I tried to refactor my files and I delete my Player with all the animations and logic already finished 🥲🥲🥲. I stopped and I hope tomorrow will be a better day.

Well at late night I thought better and decided to start a new project, this time, with a better preparation, and clarification of the ideas. I started searching in the assets I downloaded at Ichio.io. I found a very good collection with free license Ninja Adventure, it has a full set of incredible pixel art with event dialog faces that I can use in the buy menu. The next step was think of what type of game I wanted and maybe, a tower defense it's really nice and I can reuse some code to other enemies. Other point is the map, I just need to create one for this first time.

To get started I search in the assets pack and decided the towers. Of course I can have a lot of towers, but the game is scope is to be small and fishable until December, so I cut and decided to create only 6 towers, each one being unique and having a upgraded version.

NameDamageSprite normalSprite specialWeapon
Knightarea, closeFacesetFacesetSprite
Magesingle, farFacesetFacesetWandSprite
SupportNone (gain coins and life)FacesetFacesetSprite
Ice manarea, far (Slow the enemies)FacesetFacesetIce ball
DefenseNone (Stops the enemies with barrier)FacesetFacesetStone Rock barrier
Summonsingle, closeFacesetFacesetFacesetWhiteFacesetBlack

And when thinking of enemies, I would like to show the first boss early because, the objective is to create a simple game, so I decided to separate into 20 levels and each level will have a new enemy. Maybe I will change this in the future and just have 4 levels with a longer duration each one with a boss in the end. I don't know, and we will see what I end doing. For now, the level are these:

LevelSlotSlotSlotSlotSlotBoss
1Slime3FacesetButterflyBlueFacesetxxxx
2Slime3FacesetButterflyBlueFacesetLarva2Facesetxxx
3Slime3FacesetButterflyBlueFacesetLarva2FacesetRacoonFacesetxx
4Slime3FacesetButterflyBlueFacesetLarva2FacesetRacoonFacesetGoldRacoonFacesetx
5Slime3FacesetButterflyBlueFacesetLarva2FacesetRacoonFacesetGoldRacoonFacesetFaceset
6Slime4FacesetButterflyFacesetxxxx
7Slime4FacesetButterflyFacesetLarvaFacesetxxx
8Slime4FacesetButterflyFacesetLarvaFacesetBambooxx
9Slime4FacesetButterflyFacesetLarvaFacesetBambooCyclope2Facesetx
10Slime4FacesetButterflyFacesetLarvaFacesetBambooCyclope2FacesetFaceset
11BeastFacesetSkullFaceFacesetxxxx
12BeastFacesetSkullFaceFacesetEyeFacesetxxx
13BeastFacesetSkullFaceFacesetEyeFacesetMolluscFacesetxx
14BeastFacesetSkullFaceFacesetEyeFacesetMolluscFacesetFlamFacesetx
15BeastFacesetSkullFaceFacesetEyeFacesetMolluscFacesetFlamFacesetFaceset
16Beast2FacesetSkullFacesetxxxx
17Beast2FacesetSkullFacesetEye2Facesetxxx
18Beast2FacesetSkullFacesetEye2FacesetMollusc2Facesetxx
19Beast2FacesetSkullFacesetEye2FacesetMollusc2FacesetFlam2Facesetx
20Beast2FacesetSkullFacesetEye2FacesetMollusc2FacesetFlam2FacesetFaceset

The main idea is that each tower can be good/bad to a enemy type. For example the Knight tower is only able to damage near enemies but can deal area damage, so It's good to enemies that come in groups(Mostly land), on the other hand the Mage tower has single shot and far distance, which is good to fast and single enemies(Mostly air).

#Day 04

This day I was little busy playing tennis with my brother and my girlfriend. Was the first time we played, it's nice, but tiring. Anyways, in the spare time I worked at creating the project on Godot (I know it still has the songs and tiles, but this I choose later). This time I looked a lot in the Godot Documentation therefore I don't have much to say, I mostly just studied.

#Day 05

Today is Sunday, so I have all the time to play around with the game building. I started to follow a Youtube series from Game Development Center, it's a bit out of date, but we can get a very good idea to how tower defense games are.

The first classes is to structure the project and make the first configurations on Godot. He said that we can reuse this to future projects.

First, the folder structure. It is separated in 6 folders, the first one being the Assets, that is branched into Environment, Icons and UI, everything auto explaining. Inside the Environment we have Props(Files with one asset per file) and Tilesets(Files with two or more assets in). The Licenses is where you store license of fonts, assets and everything else. The Resources is objects that will be reused on project. The Scenes is where will be store all the objects(Classes) created. Lastly we have Singletons, objects that are independent from the rest of project.

Folder structure
Folder structure

Other thing I did is the first map, I finally learned about tilesets. Following the documentation and the video of Game Development Center I finally make the first map using some scalable techniques like make terrains.

Terrains for now is just used to create roads, that using assets Godot can automatically find the right asset to that road, this way I don't need to find the right asset to that corner on the road. I followed this tutorial by Maker Tech.

The map has still really poor flora and I want to trees like terrains, to be more efficient in creating forests (If you pay attention, there are some tiles with bugged trees). In general was a very productive game. If I hope I can keep up this rhythm.

Fist scenario with a lot of trees and a really strange path
Fist scenario

#Day 06

This day I was busy with some stuff and could not make any progress 🥲🥲🥲

#Day 07

I know I should give more attention to the map, but everything seems kind weird. The scale doesn't seems right. That's because I need to confirm that the scale is right to create the map based on. So I decided to create the first tower of the game, thinking mostly in adapt the scale (Spoiler I did not have the time to play with the scale).

Anyways, I started with node2D and then put the sprite inside, I don't know if this is the best practice, but for me, giving a wrapper of node2D makes me feel more organized. The sprite for now will be the idle:

Idle Knight animation spritesheet
Idle Knight animation

One thing is that it has right, left, bottom and top sides, which gives me the necessity to turn the sprite as the enemy changes it's direction. I started trying the sprite to follow my mouse, after many tries, I came with a simple code, but I happy that I can understand everything from this code. 😁

pythonextends Node2D
 
var direction = Vector2(0, 0)
 
func _physics_process(delta):
  turn()
 
func turn():
  var target_position = get_global_mouse_position()
  var character_position = global_position
  direction = (target_position - character_position).normalized()
 
  if(direction.x > abs(direction.y)):
    get_node("Knight").set_frame(3)
  elif direction.x < -abs(direction.y):
    get_node("Knight").set_frame(2)
  elif direction.y > abs(direction.x):
    get_node("Knight").set_frame(0)
  else:
    get_node("Knight").set_frame(1)
Gif showing character knight follows the mouse direction
Mouse following

#Day 08, 09, 10 and 11

I am gonna group all these days together because I really did not have a lot of time to progress in the game and the little time I had was trying to make the map looks a little bit better. It was really hard, not because the sprites, they are awesome, it's because of me, I did not have and experience grouping those tiles together in a pleasant way to the eye. I don't know, I was looking for a diverse map, having the flower, ice, rocky and forest parts, but I don't know, something looks out of place.

Add more details(maybe too much) and removed most of trees
Map details

#Day 12

This day I created another tower and rescale the knight already created to fit better in the map. It was very nice, I learned about scaling and import pixel art in Godot 4. I also put a base in tower to better highlight on map.

The code part was very easy, following the tutorial Game Development Center I just imported the logic from a generic class.

Picture showing the two towers created, one the knight and other the mage
Tower Knight and Mage

#Day 13

It was a very short day. The only thing I could do was the main menu. I was following the video of Game Development Center, but in Godot 4, some methods have changed, main thing is to connect now is deprecated and we need to use something like [Node].[Signal].connect([method]) instead of .connect([signal], [object], [method]

Picture showing the menu created, three blue buttons
Menu

#Day 14

This is one more busy day, I just make some initial HUD, following the same tutorial of Game Development Center. It was kinda simple because this hud doesn't do anything else, it's just two images.

I used the assets of Ninja's Adventure again, they are just wonderful, I just need to make them smaller, but this is problem for other day.

Showing the HUD below the map, having only the image of the two towers
HUD

#Day 15, 16 and 17

These days I found a very big problem 😓. At day 15 I was intended to do the fifth part of the Game Development Center Godot's tutorial, but there were a lot of different things I did in the project that I was getting the consequences. Like the resolution of 1280x720 is too big for a 16x16 assets of Ninja's Adventure, so I tried to add scale and messed with everything else, now, 4 tiles were supposed to be just 1, and the collision system was not working and I knew I needed to make a work around that I would not like.

So after trying many strategies, I just stopped 😕.

User clicks in the HUD and get the tower to build it
Building tower

#Day 18

I was so frustrated because of bugs that I decided not think about it today.

#Day 19, 20 and 21

Even if I was frustrated, I have not given up, and would make the game from zero if necessary. And so I did, not everything, but I can guarantee was a lot.

One of the many problems was the scale, resolution and sprite sizes. The problem I had was a pixelart game with assets of 16x16 that was running on a resolution of 1280x720 which are 1280/16 * 720/16 = 3,600 tiles to fill the entire screen. Think about it, every sprite is 16x16, even the towers which in the 3600 tiles, max 10 would be towers, of course this will cause a strange sensation, it's not in the right scale. To solve this, I scale some arts, like the towers and bases, this way, a tower had 1 tile size, but the path was 3 tiles size. You can imagine the problem when making collisions.

To solve this, I changed the Viewport width and height to something way smaller (320x192) and put the Window Width and height Override to 3 times of the Viewport size. This way, the game will have a resolution of 320x192 and will open in a window of 960x576, making all the scale for me. The game now doesn't needed to scale some arts, everything from enemies, path and towers will be 16x16 and just one tile. I did a small change on the Ninja's Adventure' assets because some tiles were way to big for me, and then I made them smaller (Logs and a type of grass).

Picture showing the viewport 320 x 192 and the override 960 x 572
Fixing viewport
The new map with only one clear path at center and forest borders, the HUD now is in the right, very clean layout
Map remade

Now using a resolution of 320x192 gives us 320/16 * 192/16 = 240 tiles only. It may look way to little, but is not. I feel I can make better maps with this size.

Of course this brought me a lot of more problems 🥲. All the assets in the scenes were with wrong sizes and so I went in every scene fixing the bugs (towers, map, ui, menu, everything 🥲. If you are starting as me, just make sure the scale is right 😅).

In this process I redid the menu, ui and the map. Here is the final result:

Remake of menu, now is dark with shadows on buttons
New menu

Note: I leaned how to animate some sprites in the map 🤩🤩🤩.

#Day 22

Now after all that remake I finally can move on to other features. In this day I finish the selection and collision/building tower system. There were some changes to make from tutorial because Godot 4 has changed some names, but essentially is the same of the Game Development Center's tutorial.

Gif showing when tower is pickup you cannot put in other tower, or blocked grid
Collision

I also did a very simple thing that I was supposed to do in the first time starting this project 😅. A git repo.

#Day 23

Now I can see a game under construction. This day I make a range indicator to tower following Game Development Center's tutorial #5. This range can be configured in a separate file, this way the towers can have different sizes of ranges (Of course this file also can be used to configured damage, rate of fire, cost, etc.).

A gif showing the range indicator, green circle area in the character
Range indicator

#Day 24

It has finally come, the day I built the enemies. A enemy in a tower defense game should not be a problem, because it's IA is just- "Follow the path", and so I just need to configure the path and make the enemy follow it. Can easy be done using Godot's Path2D.

My problem was not configure this path, but configure enemy's animation, well the Game Development Center's tutorial #6 uses a top down view asset, as Ninja's Adventure' assets uses side view assets, so just rotating the sprite will not work in my case.

I did by calculating how the position is different from the last frame and give the right animation. Solving this made my day 😊😊😊. So Happy 😁.

GDScriptextends PathFollow2D
 
@onready var _animated_sprite = get_node("CharacterBody2D").get_node('AnimatedSprite2D')
 
var speed = 0.5
var last_position = Vector2(0, 0)
 
func _physics_process(delta):
  move(delta)
 
func move(delta):
  set_progress(get_progress() + speed + delta)
  var current_position = position
 
  if(last_position != current_position):
    if(abs(last_position.x) < abs(current_position.x)): # Going Right
      _animated_sprite.play('east')
    if(abs(last_position.x) > abs(current_position.x)): # Going Left
      _animated_sprite.play('west')
 
    if(abs(last_position.y) < abs(current_position.y)): # Going down
      _animated_sprite.play('south')
    if(abs(last_position.y) > abs(current_position.y)): # Going up
      _animated_sprite.play('north')
 
    last_position = current_position
First enemy following the path. It is an angry bamboo enemy
Enemy

#Day 25

As I solve a lot of problems in the last days, I lost my track of progressing the game creation, so this day I finally had the sense of progression. I did a lot of things. First of all, I make a start/pause/fast forward system. Very simple, just followed Game Development Center's tutorial #7 and make some simple pixelart 16x16 sprites, because Ninja's Adventure didn't have sprites for arrow, double arrow and pause.

Second, the tower need to look at enemy and not my mouse 😅 I followed the most part of the Game Development Center's tutorial #8, but seeing the comments, we could improve the tower tracking.

In the video, Stefan select the enemy with most progress in the path (Which is very good, because more progress in the path, means more likely to complete the path), but this gets a problem when using more than one path. Think with me, if we have two paths and enemies in both that crossed the same amount of pixels, the tower will get confused with enemy is the right to pick. The best choice will be get the enemy with the largest progression and in the shortest path.

For example if we have two paths, one having 450px size and other having 200px size, there are enemies in both paths and the enemies have crossed the same amount of pixels, like 30. The progress of the first path will be 450 - 30 = 420, and the second will be 200 - 30 = 170, if we get the largest number, the enemy on path1 will be chosen, but can agree that is more likely to enemy on path two finish the path, because only need to cross more 170 instead of 420 in the first path. So that's why we need to get the minimum value.

After this though I made the damage system. It was very simple, the only thing I did different from the tutorial was that there, Stefan put a heath bar above the enemy. In my case, I changed the enemy color based on heath percentage like: heath > 70% = Normal Color; heath > 50% = Yellowish; heath > 20% = Orangish; else = Reddish.

The last thing I did was a shooting mechanic. In the tutorial, the towers shoot the same projectile, but in my game, it needs to be different so I abstracted the code and make a muzzle and impact animation for each tower, so thats in the future I can add a projectile to certain towers, like the Mage one, and for the Knight it does not need this. I will think more about this tomorrow.

The result:

Knight powers, lounging his spear
Powers

#Day 26

This was a very simple day I just make the system of health and coin, there is no much to say. I just make some signals that are emit when enemy is killed or its complete the map's path.

Gif showing the HUD with coins and health and every enemy defeated, add one coin, if the enemy escapes, you loose one life
Coin - Health

#Day 27, 28, 29 and 30

As the voting day is coming, I decided to focus in finish the main mechanics instead of adding new stuff, so I decided to make the last updated in this article grouping all the stuff made in the last 4 days.😶‍🌫️

Well, first of all, as usual I went through the game and noticed 4 things to do: The game need waves counter, more enemies, about page (Where the credits of me and Ninja's Adventure will be), and for last, there are some bugs to take care.

The first thing I did was about the waves. This time I would finally make the balance between towers and enemies (I can say to that I though would be easy, but not, this is a very crucial part that can make your game look good or terrible). Was very hard to do that, but I made. I add a simple wave counter, and made the waves into an GameData dictionary so I could easily modify. I add two more screens, one for Game over and other for Game Win. And of course, more enemies. They are just an extension of the main enemy's script, with some values and sprites changed (In the future, I want to make this less manual, to add even more enemies, creating a scene in usual way is no good). In the meantime I noticed that the game was very short, so I add a Infinity mode that would spawn random enemies (In the end, this was supposed to be a very challenging mode, but proved to be not so difficult, in the future I will change that).

The about page was very easy to make. It's just a simple new scene. The more complicated part was to create a Game over and Game win because these two scenes need to be over game's scene and not in root. But it was ok, and simple to do.😊

In the bug's part, there were a lot linked to the wave system. I don't know, but making all that logic in just one script just made it very confusing. This is one more thing to change in the future, a better game's script, I don't know, maybe just separate the logic of spawning enemies, controlling the waves, building towers and enemies path in a separate script would make so much better.

It had a bug in the fast forward too, but I could not had time to fix this, so it will be a future issue 😅.

You can play the game at Itch.io. Leave a message to me. I will be very happy to talk to you 😊.

Gif showing everything made, with new enemies- bugs
Final results
Game over screen, reddish, with two buttons to leave or play again
Game over screen

#Final thoughts

Well, what I learned with all this?

This was my first experience making a game in a professional way (In some pro engine), so because of this there was many days that I was unmotivated, even if I came from web programming, coding in game, it's harder (Maybe that's because I did not knew the language) and that made me a little frustrated, but as I was going, never giving up, I saw a light in end of the tunnel. Some stuff that was hard to understand like what is a scene, became very easy and I could make all the changes that my imagination could have. I really like the experience.

Well, there was many thing I could not had time to develop. If you see the first days of this article, you will understand that, I planned a lot of things, the scope was too big for a first project that needed to be made in just a month, but that's ok, I plan to add these things later, I will finish the game as was proposed back there.

For last, thanks everyone who read this article. It was a very difficult month, but I could say that I very happy and proud about the results. I see you in the next article. Have a nice day. 😎✨✨✨😎. dt

References

Lee Reilly. Access at

Game Off 2023 Page. Access at

Game Dev Artisan. Access at

Help us improve

If you find any mistakes or just want to make the article more complete, consider editing this page in Github.

About the author

Profile of Felipe Scherer
Written by:

Felipe Scherer

- Software Engineer

Hello. I currently working as developer for more than 2 years coding sites, apps and games. In the free time I like to write articles to help people get started in this incredible world of coding. Feel free to explore my Github and use my public code 😊. Don't forget to follow me on my socials. 🌟

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It help so much when finding that specific file, I always go for the icon first instead of the file extension or the name of it. **Link for download**: [VSCode Icons](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons) ## 6. Import Cost <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/80b88259-d63e-4233-b75d-32881818b14b" name="Import Cost" alt="Print showing Import Cost extension" /> One of the most important thing we as developer need to understand is how our site can be found by search engines like Google or Bing, and one thing I see a lot is a very large [First Contentful Paint(FCP)](https://web.dev/fcp). This is basically the time when the first render of page ends and this is [crucial for user experience](https://web.dev/fcp/#what-is-a-good-fcp-score), a bad time may result in user leaving your page. One of the strategies to decrease FCP time is the only first load the necessary and after you can load the small pieces like an api call. And this can be achieved by removing all the big bundles inside your project. The [Import Cost extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wix.vscode-import-cost) helps you to do that by showing the bundle size of that lib and then you can or remove it or search for a lighter lib. **Link for download**: [Import Cost](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wix.vscode-import-cost) ## 7. Markdown All in One and MDX <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/53dd13aa-8bef-4898-9604-45bf2d875d79" name="MDX extension" alt="Print showing MDX extension" /> <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/61d48f6d-a3bb-419a-bc6b-f0952582bd7d" name="A markdown file" alt="Print showing markdown file" /> In this topic I will put two extensions because I know not everyone is a React developer and uses [MDX](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=unifiedjs.vscode-mdx) files as I use, so it is more reasonable for these people use [Markdown All in One](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yzhang.markdown-all-in-one) that gives all the essential stuff to have a great time writing your files. For React developers I suggest using [MDX](https://mdxjs.com), a superset of Markdown allowing to use React component inside Markdown. It is super handful and as I see, MDX is becoming a popular way to write Markdown in [NextJS](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx). You can even use [Content layer](https://contentlayer.dev/docs/sources/files/mdx-d747e46d) to type your Markdown, if that's not fantastic I don't know what is. **Link for download**: [Markdown All in One](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yzhang.markdown-all-in-one) **Link for download**: [MDX](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=unifiedjs.vscode-mdx) ## 8. Code Spell Checker <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/fd817aa8-e864-4a55-98a9-8844c359cd9e" name="Code Spell Checker" alt="Print showing Code Spell Checker extension" /> Again, if you write files Markdown or anything that will probably be useful to have a grammar corrector and this extension is just like that. **Link for download**: [Code Spell Checker](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=streetsidesoftware.code-spell-checker) ## 9. Auto Rename Tag <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/10594378-40dd-419a-8ff6-9c38c2ec95e0" name="Auto Rename Tag" alt="Print showing Auto Rename Tag extension" /> One of the most useful extension I use is Auto Rename Tag, this as the name says, when change the tag name, the matching one will be changed too. **Link for download**: [Auto Rename Tag](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=formulahendry.auto-rename-tag) ## 10. Themes <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/effc88d1-7a25-40a3-b2b4-2c5f02c1d93f" name="Dracula Theme" alt="Print showing Dracula Theme" /> In number 10 I will put a more vast collection of extensions used to change the VSCode appearance, of course I am talking about [themes](https://vscodethemes.com/). There are a lot and I mean A LOT of available themes that can change the most different aspects, but most likely the colors, you can find a more lighter, darker, greener, yellowish and many more themes. If you want a recommendation, I would certain suggest to use [Dracula Theme](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dracula-theme.theme-dracula), it is one of most famous themes out there with more than 5 million installs. The colors are great even for dark environments or bright environments. **Link for download**: [Dracula Theme](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dracula-theme.theme-dracula) ## 11. Extra ones Well, for last I would suggest you to install the extension useful for what you are using to code, like if you are using [TailwindCSS](https://tailwindcss.com), please use the [TailwindCSS extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=bradlc.vscode-tailwindcss), and this can be applied to everything in your project, [Styled Components](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=styled-components.vscode-styled-components) or even other language than Javascript like [Python](https://www.python.org) VSCode has the extension [Python for VSCode](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python). So have a look what you have installed and search if has an extension that could help you. 😊 ## Conclusion Conclusion reading this article you were introduced to a set of VSCode extensions that can help improve your coding time and quality. All of that are free and can be downloaded from [Microsoft VSCode MarketPlace](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com). Thank you for reading and see you in the next article. Have a nice day. 😎✨✨✨😎

7 minutes read

How to create good looking custom scrollbars

In my opinion one of the most difficult part in frontend is to make the layout look similar in every browser and that's because we have CSS Resets, but scrollbars can be one of the points we forget but can makes a huge difference to users. ## Introduction At my first year as developer, I always will remember a gaffe committed when introducing some new features I had developed to the CEO's company. Well, I use Mozilla Developer Edition to code, but at that time I forgot users uses Chrome in majority. <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/8be10ac9-bb0f-47d5-93b7-bed3144ad9fe" source="https://gs.statcounter.com" name="Browser Market Share Worldwide Dec 2022 - Jan 2024" alt="Statcounter graph showing Chrome are used by 70% of the users" /> So the CEO. Yes, the scrollbar's feature was horrible in Chrome because the scrollbars are not aesthetic as Firefox. In the end, I did not got any in any trouble, the CEO only just pointed out and I did the fix in the next patch. I learnt to never forget scrollbars again, it cannot be neglected. ## Problems The main issue with scrollbars it is different styles in each browser which makes really hard to us track how the final layout is gonna be delivered to the user. And is not only the visuals, some browsers make the scrollbars take a size of the container, which can lead to layout looking weird. We gonna follow the name convention in [this fantastic article by Zach Leatherman - Two Browsers Walked Into a Scrollbar](https://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/scrollbars/): <Blockquote cite="https://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/scrollbars"> - Obtrusive scrollbars: scrollbars that take up screen real estate. These do not overlay on top of the content, but appear next to it. - Unobtrusive scrollbars: scrollbars that sit on top of the content. These don't subtract screen real estate away from the container they belong to. </Blockquote> I personally would prefer that every browser had unobtrusive scrollbars most because we as developer would not need to worry about taking some space in our layout. But I know that's not possible and probably would ruin a lot of layouts out there. Don't get me wrong, I am not saying some browser is better than other, I really think that every browser has some kind of problem when talking about scrollbars. Let's point out: ### Mozilla Firefox Firefox has unobtrusive and really aesthetic scrollbar which is great but I don't like how only "grows" the scrollbar on hover, not the container, but the scrollbar. I think if it has to grow, that should grow on hover the content to be easy accessed and not the scrollbar. Like if I already have reached the scrollbar, it does not need to grow, right? The grow is to make the bar more accessible... <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/ad1747c2-699f-492f-9f07-be5b8f2f97aa" name="Mozilla Firefox default scrollbar" alt="Gif showing that Firefox only grows the scrollbar if hovered IN the scrollbar" /> ### Chromium Browsers I love chromium browsers specially Chrome and Opera GX, I use them both in different situations, like coding I like Chrome and Mozilla Firefox Developer, but for daily routines I prefer Opera GX. But most of the scrollbars are not that great. First, they are obtrusive which for sole already brings some problems. Second, it is so wider even if user is not hovering the content, which is really ugly... <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/d0c6360e-0546-4999-a296-8c11c2f62947" name="Chrome default scrollbar" alt="Gif showing the default behavior scrollbar in Mozilla Firefox" /> ### Edge One scrollbar I really like is from Edge Browser, yes, the successor of Internet Explorer. I think Edge has a lot of similar stuff with Chrome and the scrollbar is no different. Edge still has a wide scrollbar, but the borders are rounded which gives like a Firefox feeling. I really like, but I think could be better if were a little thinner. <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/64badb1a-3fb8-4174-8c73-ba4222560296" name="Edge default scrollbar" alt="Gif showing the default behavior scrollbar in Edge" /> ## Mobile In mobile we have a little different problem. In my opinion mobile, the scrollbar can have the same problems above depending on which mobile browser you are, but with additional that scrollbars are only shown if you are actually scrolling, how I am supposed to know if that container has scroll if does not have a scrollbar? ## Objectives In this article I gonna show you how you can make your scrollbars aesthetic as can be in many different browsers, only using CSS. I am already warning you that is not possible to make like a reset to them, like we have done to `h1`, `p` and so on. CSS has its limitations and to achieve the fully goal probably will you need some Javascript code or maybe create all the logic with it. The method I am gonna show you is relative simple and can works on most browsers like Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Brave, Opera GX, Edge and Safari, there will be an image with properties browser support in the end of the article. I think that's enough of talk, let's code. ## Solution First, please, do not ever style the main scrollbar. This is not standard, this do not need to follow your layout, it's good to look native to users do get lost. I think is good to style your scrollbars inside something you created, because this is "part" of your layout, different from the main scrollbar that is "part" of browser's layout. Did get it? Well, for the solution, I searched a lot and got really frustrated when finding out the perfect solution do not exist, but we can came to a really nice result. Most of the sites uses some kind of Javascript or very difficult CSS approaches, so I filtered out the really necessary styles and merge them in a class `styled-scrollbars` you can use in the overflowing container. Most of these styles were gotten from [Reddit's aside menu](https://www.reddit.com). ## CSS code There is no error, we gonna use two properties for Firefox (`scrollbar-color` and `scrollbar-width`) and some webkit for Chromium's browsers. ``` css /* Firefox Only */ /* Approaches mobile first, because here, the scrollbar-color will be set and always will be that color, but on desktop, that we have hover effect, we can give a transparent color, but how this is mobile first, we give the color here, and treat the desktop in other style */ .styled-scrollbars { scrollbar-color: var(--some-really-nice-color-here); scrollbar-width: thin; } /* Chrome and others Browsers */ .styled-scrollbars::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 4px; height: 4px } /* Chrome and others Browsers */ .styled-scrollbars::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: transparent; } /* With device has hover (Desktop or TV, etc) give a little effect on hover */ @media (hover: hover) { .styled-scrollbars { scrollbar-color: var(--some-really-nice-color-here-not-hover) transparent ; scrollbar-width: thin; border-radius: 8px; transition: cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) 500ms all ; } .styled-scrollbars:hover { scrollbar-color: var(--some-really-nice-color-here) transparent } .styled-scrollbars:hover::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: var(--some-really-nice-color-here); border-radius: 8px; -ms-overflow-style: none; scrollbar-width: thin; } } ``` To find the browser's support, please look at: - [webkit-scrollbar](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/::-webkit-scrollbar) - [scrollbar-color](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/scrollbar-color) - [scrollbar-width](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/scrollbar-width) ## Final results <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/4af5a2b1-b06a-444d-a135-3b5f85472089" name="Mozilla Firefox" alt="Gif showing the result of aesthetic scrollbar in Firefox" /> <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/24d9ca86-69a8-4335-9dea-b68f0278701d" name="Chrome" alt="Gif showing the result of aesthetic scrollbar in Chrome" /> <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/9e114c2b-06ca-459b-aa95-aecc4b02e57d" name="Edge" alt="Gif showing the result of aesthetic scrollbar in Edge" /> ## Additional tips One very interesting stuff I found by searching content for this article is a solution for components that has a special css for hovering effects, is to use `media query hover` to only enable this on hover support devices. You can checkout the [full video by the master of CSS Kevin Powell](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuluAyw9AI0). I highly recommend. ## Conclusion In this article we saw a very clean way, consistent and CSS only to style your scrollbars to be aesthetic as possible between many different browsers like Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Brave, Opera GX, Edge and Safari. Of course this approach is not 100% effective in all platforms, but works on most of them. Have a nice day. 😎✨✨✨😎

7 minutes read

How to create morse code translator

Did you know what is morse code? It is a method of communication using short and long signals that are common represented as dots and dashes. Developed to transmit human language to math language and as only translate letters it became and international standard. ## Short Answer To create a morse code encrypter and decrypter you have two methods. One can use the [ASCII table](https://www.lookuptables.com/text/ascii-table) as described in this [answer of Stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/a/26059284). But my preferred way is making a dictionary mapping all valid characters, which would be letters A from Z, number 0 to 9 and a blank space to separate words, anything else would be `undefined` and you can handle as you want. 1. Create a dictionary containing all valid characters: ```typescript const dictionary = { 'a': '.-', 'b': '-...', 'c': '-.-.', 'd': '-..', 'e': '.', 'f': '..-.', 'g': '--.', 'h': '....', 'i': '..', 'j': '.---', 'k': '-.-', 'l': '.-..', 'm': '--', 'n': '-.', 'o': '---', 'p': '.--.', 'q': '--.-', 'r': '.-.', 's': '...', 't': '-', 'u': '..-', 'v': '...-', 'w': '.--', 'x': '-..-', 'y': '-.--', 'z': '--..', '1': '.----', '2': '..---', '3': '...--', '4': '....-', '5': '.....', '6': '-....', '7': '--...', '8': '---..', '9': '----.', '0': '-----', ' ': '/' } ``` 2. Add function to transform letters into morse code: ```typescript function transformToMorse(rawText: string) { return rawText.split('').map(letter => dictionary[letter.toLowerCase()]).join(' ') } ``` --- ## Long Answer ### What is morse code? Morse code was created by [Samuel Morse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse) and [Alfred Vail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail). It is a method to encode human words characters into just short and long sequences that can be anything from lights, sounds, smoke, anything you can make a short or long signal can be used to represent any word or number from *a-z* and *0-9*. It became very popular in telegraph - grandfather of communication that used morse code to transmit messages from short and long bip. They even had a profession to people hearing and translating the messages- [telegraphist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphist). Morse code works by using a [sequence of short or long signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code) to represent one letter/number. For example, the letter **t** can be represent by a long signal **-**, but the letter **g** is two long signal and one short signal **--.**. With this you can make a very good system of communication to transform human language into natural language. It's also very popular on pop culture as almost every riddle movie has a part using morse to encrypt or decrypt some kind of message. ### Alphabet |Character | Morse Equivalent| |----|----| | 0 | ----- | | 1 | .---- | | 2 | ..--- | | 3 | ...-- | | 4 | ....- | | 5 | ..... | | 6 | -.... | | 7 | --... | | 8 | ---.. | | 9 | ----. | | a | .- | | b | -... | | c | -.-. | | d | -.. | | e | . | | f | ..-. | | g | --. | | h | .... | | i | .. | | j | .--- | | k | -.- | | l | .-.. | | m | -- | | n | -. | | o | --- | | p | .--. | | q | --.- | | r | .-. | | s | ... | | t | - | | u | ..- | | v | ...- | | w | .-- | | x | -..- | | y | -.-- | | z | --.. | ### Google learn morse If you stay curious to learn more about morse code, I highly recommend you try [Google's morse learn](https://morse.withgoogle.com/learn). They use images to help us remember the letters. <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/65e73bb9-c4a8-4316-9391-a001b0d77d2a" source="https://kpronline.com/blog/learn-morse-code-with-the-morse-typing-trainer" name="Code cues used in the Morse Typing Trainer" alt="List of all codes cues used in morse typing trainer" /> ### Javascript/Typescript functions To create a morse code encrypter and decrypter you have two methods. - Using ASCII table You can use the [ASCII table](https://www.lookuptables.com/text/ascii-table) as described in this [answer of Stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/a/26059284). By knowing that ASCII table characters *a - z* goes from *97* to *122* and numbers *0 - 9* goes from *48* to *57* you can do something like this. 1. First create 2 arrays containing the characters and one constant for the space. ```typescript // Characters in order A - Z and 0 - 9 const charactersAZ = ['.-', '-...','-.-.','-..','.','..-.','--.','....','..','.---','-.-','.-..','--','-.','---','.--.','--.-','.-.','...','-','..-','...-','.--','-..-','-.--','--..'] const numbers09 = ['-----', '.----', '..---', '...--', '....-', '.....', '-....', '--...', '---..', '----.'] const characterSpace = '/' ``` 2. Now you need to remove all weird characters that does not have an index on our arrays ```typescript function cleanRawText(rawText: string) { return rawText.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9\s]/g, ""); } ``` 3. Finally make a function to return the encrypted character. ```typescript const isNumberRegex = /^\d+$/ function transformToMorse(rawText: string) { const formatText = cleanRawText(rawText); return formatText.split('').map(letter => { if(letter === " ") return characterSpace; asciiCode = letter.charCodeAt(letter); if(isNumberRegex.test(letter)) return numbers09[asciiCode - 48]; else return charactersAZ[asciiCode - 97]; }).join(' '); } ``` 4. Test the functions ```typescript transformToMorse('Hello world') // result .... . .-.. .-.. --- / .-- --- .-. .-.. -.. ``` -Using dictionary My preferred way is making a dictionary mapping all valid characters, which would be letters A from Z, number 0 to 9 and a blank space to separate words, anything else would be `undefined` and you can handle as you want. 1. Create a dictionary containing all valid characters: ```typescript const dictionary = { 'a': '.-', 'b': '-...', 'c': '-.-.', 'd': '-..', 'e': '.', 'f': '..-.', 'g': '--.', 'h': '....', 'i': '..', 'j': '.---', 'k': '-.-', 'l': '.-..', 'm': '--', 'n': '-.', 'o': '---', 'p': '.--.', 'q': '--.-', 'r': '.-.', 's': '...', 't': '-', 'u': '..-', 'v': '...-', 'w': '.--', 'x': '-..-', 'y': '-.--', 'z': '--..', '0': '-----', '1': '.----', '2': '..---', '3': '...--', '4': '....-', '5': '.....', '6': '-....', '7': '--...', '8': '---..', '9': '----.', ' ': '/' } ``` 2. Add function to transform letters into morse code: ```typescript function transformToMorse(rawText: string) { return rawText.split('').map(letter => dictionary[letter.toLowerCase()]).join(' ') } ``` 3. Test it ```typescript transformToMorse('Hello world') // result .... . .-.. .-.. --- / .-- --- .-. .-.. -.. ``` Which one of them should I choose? Well, I think is up to you, personally I will not go to performance side because both has `map` method and the others doesn't make that much difference. I would choose based on readability as the first one the arrays seems a bit confusing and object making a dictionary seems much more readable for me. Okay, but this is only an encrypter, where is the decrypter? For this, just invert the logic, make a dictionary containing morse code as keys, letters with values and the backslash for white space. ### Bonus: UI - NextJS - Tailwind This article only shows how to convert, but not how to create an application with these logics. I'am gonna leave this for you to create a design. I personally recommend to create a [NextJS](https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started/installation) project with [TailwindCSS](https://tailwindcss.com/docs/installation) for styling and [Vercel](https://vercel.com) as free host. [You can checkout the source code to get inspired](https://github.com/fescherer/morse-secret-scripter) <Img src="https://github.com/fescherer/blog/assets/62115215/e3c04fd3-5140-484a-8063-541abe46f66f" source="https://morse-secret-scripter.felipescherer.com" name="Morse secret scripter home page" alt="Home page of morse secret scripter containing input and output text areas for encrypt and decrypt" /> ### Conclusion In this article you learnt the history of morse code and how to create simple functions to translate/encrypt/decrypt morse code using Javascript/Typescript. Feel free to leave any suggestions, corrections and tips. Thank you for reading and see you in the next article. Have a nice day. 😎✨✨✨😎